High Lymphocytes Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that fight against infection. When the number of lymphocytes in your blood is significantly higher than normal, doctors call it lymphocytosis. This condition is often detected during routine blood tests and may not show any visible symptoms. However, some people may experience signs and symptoms that indicate high lymphocytes.

This blog will discuss lymphocytosis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.

What is Lymphocytosis?

Lymphocytosis or high lymphocyte count means having a higher-than-normal count of lymphocytes in your blood. Lymphocytes play an essential role in the immune system, which helps protect the body from infections and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate through the blood. An increase in lymphocytes can indicate that the body is fighting off an infection, inflammation, or, in rare cases, more serious conditions like cancer.

Lymphocytosis can occur for various reasons, ranging from infections to chronic diseases and sometimes even cancers like leukemia. Understanding the underlying cause is important to determine the appropriate treatment.

Is It Serious?

Lymphocytes play an important role in the immune system and can spike during infections. In most cases, it is a temporary and benign condition that resolves once the body has fought off an infection. However, when lymphocytosis is caused by chronic conditions such as autoimmune diseases or certain cancers, it may require medical attention and monitoring. Lymphocytosis can be harmful but also a symptom of something more serious. Therefore, it is critical to consult your doctor to understand the cause and take timely action.

Lymphocytes Normal Range

The normal range of lymphocytes by age group is mentioned below

Age Group	Normal Range (Absolute Count, cells/μL)
Children (1-10 years)	3000 - 9,500
Adults	1,000 - 4,800

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. When lymphocyte levels are too low, it's called lymphopenia. When lymphocyte levels are too high, it's called lymphocytosis.

Symptoms and Causes of Lymphocytosis

Lymphocytosis does not cause symptoms, yet people may notice symptoms caused by a spike in white blood cell count.

If the condition is serious, then there might be some symptoms, including-

• Fever
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Night sweats
• Sore throat
• Breathing difficulties (in severe cases)

If you notice any of these symptoms, you must seek your doctor's advice for further examination.

Causes of Lymphocytosis

High lymphocyte blood levels indicate your body is dealing with infection or other inflammatory conditions. Here are some common causes-

• Infections

Viral infections most commonly cause lymphocytosis. When the body detects an infection, it increases the production to fight off the pathogen. Some common infections that can lead to lymphocytosis include:

• Influenza
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Hepatitis
• Tuberculosis
• Whooping cough (pertussis)
• Adenovirus
• Chickenpox or shingles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• HIV

• Cancer

In certain cases, lymphocytosis can be one of the first signs of blood cancer (leukemia) or lymphatic cancer (lymphoma). Cancers can be associated with lymphocytosis include-

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
• Large granular lymphocytic leukemia.

• Chronic Inflammatory Conditions

Chronic inflammation can increase lymphocytes as the immune system remains active in combating the inflammation. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can lead to lymphocytosis.

Other factors-

• Smoking 
• Certain Medications
• Allergic reactions
• Autoimmune disorders

How Is Lymphocytosis Diagnosed?

The doctor will first understand your symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle habits (such as smoking). Then, the doctor will examine you and check for signs of an infection, such as swollen lymph nodes or fever.

A complete blood count (CBC) is the primary test to determine the number of lymphocytes in the blood. The CBC provides detailed information about the different components of your blood, including the count of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelet count.

A differential blood count can categorize different types of white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, helping to provide a more accurate diagnosis.

The doctors may recommend additional tests, including imaging scans (like CT or X-rays) or bone marrow biopsy if leukemia or other blood disorders are suspected.

Important Test To Diagnose Lymphocytosis

The diagnosis of lymphocytosis involves several tests, including:

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)- This is the primary test to measure the number of lymphocytes and other blood components.
2. Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)- This test helps identify abnormal lymphocytes, called smudge cells.
3. Flow Cytometry- A more specialized test that can help identify if your lymphocytes are clonal, a sign of certain cancers.
4. Bone Marrow Biopsy- In some cases, a bone marrow biopsy helps to diagnose the root cause of lymphocytosis. 

How Is Lymphocytosis Treated?

The treatment of lymphocytosis depends upon the cause of the increase in lymphocytes. Once the root cause of lymphocytosis is identified, the treatment options may vary.

• Antiviral medications may be recommended to treat viral infections
• Antibiotics will be prescribed for bacterial infection.
• For chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, doctors may recommend corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
• For blood cancers like leukemia, treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplants. 
• Autoimmune diseases are treated with immunosuppressive drugs. 
• If smoking is contributing to lymphocytosis, doctors may recommend nicotine replacement therapy.

Can Lymphocytosis Be Prevented?

Lymphocytosis is not preventable. However, you can reduce your risk of getting diseases by following preventive measures-

• Avoid physical contact with people who have contagious bugs
• Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and manage stress to support immunity and reduce inflammation.
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water
• Quit smoking to reduce the risk.
• Disinfect surfaces and other commonly used objects

When to Contact a Doctor?

If you notice any symptoms associated with lymphocytosis, like unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or swollen lymph nodes, consult your doctor for evaluation. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help you and your healthcare provider manage the conditions before they become more serious.

However, seek immediate medical attention if you have been diagnosed with lymphocytosis. It is also important to consult your doctor and have regular checkups to monitor your lymphocyte count and overall health.

The Final Words

Lymphocytosis can signify various health issues, from mild viral infections to more severe disorders like leukemia. 

Get regular health checkups early to find treatment options to help you improve your overall health. 

Don't delay getting medical attention if you notice any abnormal symptoms or have doubts about your health conditions. Remember that regular health checkups allow you to get timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, which can ultimately prevent you from severe complications. Stay healthy!